Tipping in the US can feel confusing, inconsistent, and sometimes downright overwhelming — even for Americans who have been navigating it their whole lives. The rules seem to change depending on the service, the region, and even the year. What was considered generous a decade ago might now be seen as barely acceptable. The rise of digital tipping screens at every checkout counter has added a new layer of pressure and uncertainty. This guide cuts through all of that noise to give you the most complete, honest, and up-to-date tipping tips in USA for 2026 — covering every major service type from sit-down restaurants to food delivery, hair salons to hotel staff, rideshare to spa treatments.
This is especially useful for UK and international visitors who come from countries where tipping is optional, uncommon, or even considered rude. In the US, tipping is not a bonus — it is an essential part of how service workers earn a living wage. The standard tip percentage in America has shifted from 15% a decade ago to 18–20% today as the baseline for good service. Throughout this guide, you will find free tip calculators for restaurants, delivery, salons, and more to remove the guesswork from every tipping situation. Bookmark this page — it covers everything you need to know about tipping in America.
US tipping quick-reference guide — every service at a glance
This master tipping reference table covers the standard tip percentage for every major service type in the US. Use it as your go-to reference when you are unsure how much to tip for any situation.
| Service Type | Minimum Tip | Standard Tip | Excellent Tip | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Restaurant (sit-down) | 10–12% | 18–20% | 22–25% | Based on post-tax total |
| Restaurant (buffet) | Optional | $1–2/person | $3/person | Only if staff served drinks or cleared plates |
| Bar (per drink) | $1/drink | $2/drink | $3/drink | Or 15–20% on a tab |
| Bar (tab/cocktails) | 15% | 18–20% | 25% | Tip on full tab total |
| Food delivery (app) | $3 min | 15% | 20% | Min $3 regardless of order size |
| Pizza delivery | $3 min | 15–18% | 20%+ | Delivery fee ≠ tip for driver |
| Grocery delivery | $5 min | 15% | 20% | Shoppers spend 45–90 mins per order |
| Taxi / cab | 15% | 18–20% | 25% | Round up for short rides |
| Rideshare (Uber/Lyft) | 10–15% | 18–20% | 25% | Tip in app after ride |
| Hotel housekeeping | $2/night | $3–5/night | $5+/night | Leave daily not at checkout |
| Hotel bellhop/porter | $1/bag | $2/bag | $3–5/bag | Tip on arrival |
| Hotel concierge | $0 | $5–10 | $15–20 | Only for specific requests |
| Hotel valet parking | $2 | $3–5 | $5–10 | Tip on retrieval not drop-off |
| Hair salon / haircut | 15% | 18–20% | 25% | Same % regardless of service cost |
| Hair colorist | 15% | 18–20% | 22–25% | Color takes 2–3 hours |
| Barber | $2–3 | 15–20% | 25% | Whichever is higher |
| Nail salon | 15% | 18–20% | 25% | Cash tip preferred |
| Spa / massage | 15% | 20% | 25% | Standard for 1-hour treatment |
| Tattoo artist | 15% | 20% | 25%+ | Complex work deserves more |
| Movers | $20/person | $25–50/person | $50+/person | Per mover for half-day move |
| Airport shuttle | $1–2/bag | $2–4/bag | $5+/bag | Plus $1 per stop |
| Food truck | Optional | 10–15% | 20% | Not always expected |
| Coffee shop / counter | Optional | $0.50–$1 | $1–2 | Not obligatory for simple orders |
This table covers 23 service types and represents current 2026 US tipping standards. Tipping norms have been gradually rising over the past decade, with 18–20% now considered the baseline for good service across most categories. For help calculating the exact tip amount for any specific service, use the free calculators linked throughout this guide.
How tipping works in the US — what you need to know first
Why tipping exists in America
The US has a unique tipped minimum wage system that allows employers to pay service workers as little as $2.13 per hour federally, with tips expected to make up the difference to reach at least the standard minimum wage. This means servers, bartenders, delivery drivers, and many other service workers depend on tips for the majority of their actual income — not as a bonus, but as their primary wage. This system is unlike almost every other country in the world, where service workers earn full minimum wage or higher regardless of tips.
The difference between gratuity, tip, and service charge
A tip is a voluntary amount of money left by the customer to thank the service worker. Gratuity means the same thing, though it is sometimes used to describe an automatic addition to the bill for large groups. A service charge is a mandatory fee added by the restaurant or business — and here is the critical distinction: service charges often go to the business itself, not directly to your server. Always check your bill carefully. If an 18% service charge is already included, do not add an additional tip on the tip line — you would be tipping twice.
When tipping is expected vs optional
Tipping is expected at sit-down restaurants, bars, for food delivery, taxi and rideshare drivers, hair salons, spas, barbers, nail salons, hotel housekeeping and valet, and any service where a worker provides direct personal service. Tipping is appreciated but optional at coffee shop counters, food trucks, and takeout pickup. Tipping is not customary at fast food restaurants, self-checkout kiosks, or retail stores. The rise of tablet tip screens at every counter has blurred these lines significantly, creating pressure to tip in situations where it was never traditionally expected.
Cash vs card tips
Cash tips go directly to the server, driver, or service worker immediately — they receive the money the same day and in full. Card tips are added to the bill and processed through the business payroll system, which may pool tips across multiple workers, delay payment by days or weeks, or subject the tip to processing fees. Wherever possible, cash tips ensure the individual who served you receives the money immediately and in full.
How much to tip at a restaurant — the full breakdown
The current standard for restaurant tipping in the US is 18–20% for good service. This has risen from the old 15% norm that was common a decade ago. Here is how to break it down by service quality:
- Poor service: 10–12% — reserve this for genuinely poor service, not for kitchen delays or issues beyond the server’s control
- Average service: 15% — acceptable but nothing special
- Good service: 18–20% — the standard baseline for attentive, friendly service
- Excellent service: 22–25% — for truly outstanding service that goes above and beyond
Should you tip on pre-tax or post-tax? Most Americans tip on the post-tax total. The difference is usually only a dollar or two, and it is simpler to just calculate on the final total shown on your bill.
Automatic gratuity for large groups: Many restaurants add an automatic 18–20% gratuity for parties of 6 or more. This is disclosed on the menu or bill and is mandatory if listed. Always check your bill before adding a tip — never tip on top of an automatic gratuity.
Buffet tipping: At a buffet where you serve yourself, tipping is optional. If staff brought drinks, cleared plates, or provided any table service, $1–2 per person is appropriate.
Bar tipping: At a bar, tip $1–2 per drink if you are paying per drink, or 15–20% if you are running a tab. For complex cocktails or exceptional service, $2–3 per drink is generous.
Use our free Restaurant Tip CalculatorThe calculator includes a service quality rating that auto-suggests the right tip percentage based on your experience.
How much to tip food delivery drivers — DoorDash, Uber Eats, pizza & more
The standard tip for food delivery is 15–20% with a minimum of $3–5 regardless of order size. Even on a $10 order, tip at least $3. Here is what you need to know:
The delivery fee does NOT go to the driver. This is one of the most common misconceptions. The delivery fee charged by DoorDash, Uber Eats, Grubhub, and pizza chains goes to the platform or restaurant — not to the person who drove to your house. Your tip is the driver’s primary income from the delivery.
Platform breakdown: DoorDash, Uber Eats, and Grubhub all pass 100% of the tip to the driver. For pizza delivery from major chains, the delivery fee rarely reaches the driver — always tip separately.
Situational adjustments: Add an extra $1–2 for bad weather (rain, snow, extreme heat), large or heavy orders (multiple bags, cases of drinks), long distances (over 5 miles), or late-night deliveries.
Grocery delivery: For services like Instacart or Shipt, tip 15–20% with a $5 minimum. Grocery shoppers often spend 45–90 minutes shopping, packing, and delivering your order — tip accordingly.
Use our free Delivery Tip CalculatorHow much to tip your hairdresser, stylist, or colorist
The standard tip for hair salons is 15–20% of the total service cost. This applies to haircuts, color, highlights, blowouts, keratin treatments, and full salon packages. Here is the breakdown by service type:
- Haircut: 15–20% of the service price
- Hair color or highlights: 18–20% — color services take 2–3 hours and require significant skill
- Blowout: $5–10 minimum or 15% of the price, whichever is higher
- Keratin treatment or complex service: 15–20% of the total
- Full salon day (multiple services): 20% is appropriate given the time and expertise involved
Should you tip the salon owner? The modern answer is yes. The old rule that you do not tip the owner is outdated — most salon owners today still provide direct service and expect tips like any other stylist.
Holiday tipping for hairdressers: The traditional holiday tip for your regular hairdresser is the cost of one full service. If your usual haircut is $60, a $60 tip at the holidays is standard. If that is not financially feasible, a thoughtful card and a smaller cash tip are still appreciated.
Tipping multiple stylists: If one stylist cuts your hair and another does your color, tip each person separately based on the portion of the service they performed. Ask the receptionist to split the payment if needed.
Use our free Hair Salon Tip CalculatorHow much to tip hotel staff — housekeeping, bellhop, concierge & valet
Housekeeping
Tip $2–5 per night in cash, and leave the tip daily — not at checkout. Different housekeeping staff may clean your room each day, so leaving one large tip at the end of your stay means only the person who cleaned on the last day receives anything. Leave cash on the desk or nightstand with a note that says “housekeeping tip” to avoid confusion. Tip more for suites, rooms that require extra cleaning effort, or luxury hotels.
Bellhop / Porter
Tip $1–2 per bag when the bellhop brings your luggage to your room on arrival and when they retrieve it on departure. For complex baggage assistance or multiple trips, $5 minimum is appropriate.
Concierge
No tip is needed for simple directions, restaurant recommendations, or basic requests. Tip $5–10 for securing restaurant reservations or procuring tickets to shows or events. Tip $15–20 or more for securing hard-to-get reservations, complex itinerary planning, or exceptional service that goes well beyond the basics.
Valet parking
Tip $2–5 when your car is returned — not when you drop it off. Tip more for luxury vehicles, difficult parking situations, or if the valet retrieved your car exceptionally quickly.
Room service
Check your bill first — a service charge is often already included for room service. If no service charge is listed, tip 15–20% of the room service total. If a service charge is already included, a $1–2 additional cash tip is a kind gesture but not required.
How much to tip for taxis, Uber, Lyft, and airport shuttles
Taxi
Tip 15–18% standard, 20% for good service. For short rides under $10, always round up to the nearest dollar. You can tip cash or add it to the card payment — both are accepted.
Rideshare (Uber, Lyft)
Tip 15–20% standard in the app after your ride ends. Both Uber and Lyft pass 100% of in-app tips directly to the driver. Tip more for luxury vehicles (Uber Black, Lyft Lux), long trips, drivers who help with luggage, or exceptionally friendly and safe drivers.
Airport shuttle
Tip $1–2 per bag plus $1 per stop. For shared shuttle rides, a $5 total minimum is appropriate even if you have no bags.
Limousine / car service
Tip 15–20% of the total fare. Check if the gratuity is already included in corporate or pre-booked car service — many high-end services include an 18% gratuity automatically. Always ask or check your receipt before tipping extra.
How much to tip for spa, massage, nails, barber, and tattoo services
Massage therapist / spa
Tip 15–20% of the service cost — same as you would at a restaurant. For a $60–$80 massage, a $10–20 tip is appropriate. For spa packages, tip on the pre-discount price if you received a significant promotional discount. If you booked a couples massage or multiple treatments, tip each therapist individually based on their portion of the service.
Nail salon
Tip 15–20% standard. Cash tips are preferred at nail salons since card tips are sometimes held by management or delayed through payroll. For gel nails, acrylics, or complex nail art, 20% is appropriate given the skill and time involved.
Barber
Tip $2–5 for a basic cut or 15–20% of the total — whichever is higher. A $15 haircut should still get at least a $3–5 tip. For straight-razor shaves, beard trims, or more complex grooming, tip 20%.
Tattoo artist
Tip 15–20% for standard work, 25% or more for exceptionally complex, large, or custom pieces. Tattoo artists are skilled artists who set their own rates — tipping is a genuine form of appreciation for their craftsmanship, time, and permanent work on your body. For multi-session tattoos, you can tip at the end of each session or leave a larger tip at the final session.
Esthetician / facial
Tip 15–20% standard for facials, waxing, lash extensions, and other esthetician services. The same tipping rules apply as for massages and spa treatments.
Tip fatigue in America — is tipping getting out of control?
Let’s address this directly: the rise of tablet tip screens at every counter — from coffee shops to self-checkout kiosks to sandwich shops — has made tipping feel unavoidable and pressured in ways it never used to be. You are asked to tip when you pick up a takeout order you called in yourself. You are asked to tip at a self-service frozen yogurt shop where you served yourself and weighed your own cup. You are asked to tip at a stadium concession stand where someone handed you a beer. This is tip fatigue — the exhaustion and resentment that comes from being asked to tip for every transaction, including ones where tipping has never traditionally been expected.
Here is the honest reality from both sides:
For tipping culture: US service workers in tipped industries earn below minimum wage and depend on tips for livable income. Servers, bartenders, delivery drivers, and salon workers are not paid full wages by their employers — tipping is embedded in the economic structure of the US service industry. When you tip 18–20% at a sit-down restaurant, you are not being generous — you are paying the server’s wage that the restaurant did not pay.
Against unchecked expansion: Tipping at fast food counters, self-checkout kiosks, and digital cashier screens where no table service is provided blurs the line and creates social pressure without any of the economic justification. A tablet asking for a 20% tip at a counter where you ordered and collected your own sandwich is not the same as tipping a server who brought you food, refilled your drinks, and checked on you multiple times over an hour.
The practical answer: There is no obligation to tip at a counter where you ordered and collected your own food, a self-checkout kiosk, or any interaction where no personal service was rendered. Pressing “No Tip” on a tablet screen at a coffee shop is not rude — it is appropriate. A tip at a sit-down restaurant, bar, delivery, or salon is expected and economically justified. A tip at a self-service counter is entirely optional. Know when tipping is meaningful — and tip generously when it is.
Tipping in the US for UK and international visitors — what you need to know
If you are visiting the US from the UK, Europe, Australia, or anywhere outside North America, American tipping culture will feel like a genuine culture shock. In the UK, tipping is appreciated but optional — 10% is considered generous and many people tip nothing at all in casual settings. In much of Europe and Asia, tipping is sometimes even considered rude or unnecessary since service workers earn full wages. Arriving in the US and suddenly being expected to tip 18–20% everywhere is genuinely confusing.
Here is why US tipping is non-optional in most service settings: the tipped minimum wage system means servers, bartenders, and delivery drivers may earn as little as $2.13 per hour in base pay from their employer. This is not comparable to UK service wages, where staff earn at least the national minimum wage (currently £11.44/hour as of 2026) regardless of tips. In the US, tips are not a bonus — they are the primary wage.
Clear checklist for UK and international visitors:
- Restaurants: Always tip 18–20% — not tipping is considered very rude and directly harms the server’s income
- Bars: $1–2 per drink or 15–20% on a tab
- Taxis and rideshare: 15–20% expected
- Hotel housekeeping: $2–5 per night in cash, left daily
- Hair salons: 15–20% of the service total
- Food delivery: $3–5 minimum or 15%
- Coffee counter / fast food: Optional — no pressure to tip for simple counter orders
When in doubt in America — tip. It is never wrong to be generous, and it matters far more here than it does at home.
Does tipping vary by state in the US?
The short answer: tip percentages are the same nationwide (15–25% depending on service quality) — there is no official state-by-state variation in tipping norms or etiquette.
However, the tipped minimum wage varies significantly by state. In states like California, Washington, Oregon, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, and Alaska, servers earn the full state minimum wage (often $15–16/hour or higher) and tips are pure supplemental income on top of that base wage. In states like Texas, Georgia, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and most of the South and Midwest, servers earn the federal tipped minimum wage of just $2.13/hour, and tips make up the vast majority of their income.
The practical takeaway: tipping the same 18–20% everywhere in the US is appropriate regardless of state. While some diners in states where servers earn full minimum wage argue that 15% is acceptable since workers are not dependent on tips, most etiquette guides still recommend 18–20% everywhere to maintain consistency and fairness.
Regarding the specific question “how much to tip in California” — the answer is the same as everywhere else: 18–20% is standard. California servers earn $16/hour minimum wage as of 2026, but tipping culture remains just as strong, and 18–20% is still the expected norm at restaurants, bars, salons, and for delivery.
US tipping rules — the simple version
Here is a clean, practical rulebook you can remember for every tipping situation:
US tipping — frequently asked questions
What is the standard tip percentage in the US?
The standard tip percentage in the US is 18–20% for most services in 2026. This has risen from the old 15% baseline that was common a decade ago. For sit-down restaurants, bars, food delivery, rideshare, hair salons, and spa services, 18–20% is considered the norm for good service. Excellent service warrants 22–25%, while poor service might justify 10–12%. The average tip percentage Americans actually leave varies by service type, but national surveys consistently show 18–20% is now the expected standard across the board.
Is tipping mandatory in America?
Tipping is not legally mandatory in America, but it is socially expected and economically necessary for most service workers. Servers, bartenders, delivery drivers, and other tipped workers often earn as little as $2.13 per hour in base wages, with tips making up the majority of their income. Not tipping at a sit-down restaurant, bar, or for delivery service is considered extremely rude and directly harms the worker’s livelihood. While you cannot be legally forced to tip, the tipping system is deeply embedded in US service economics. The only exception is when a service charge or automatic gratuity is added to your bill — that is mandatory.
What happens if you don’t tip at a restaurant in the US?
If you don’t tip at a restaurant in the US, the server earns only their base wage for serving you — which can be as low as $2.13 per hour. This is considered extremely rude and hurtful in American culture. While nothing legally prevents you from not tipping, it is viewed as a serious social violation. Servers may remember you if you return, and in rare cases, restaurant staff may ask if there was a problem with service if you leave no tip. For international visitors unfamiliar with US tipping culture, this is often the biggest adjustment — tipping is not optional in American restaurants the way it is in many other countries.
How do you tip in America if you are visiting from the UK?
If you are visiting the US from the UK, the most important thing to know is that tipping works very differently here. In the UK, 10% is generous and tipping is often optional — in the US, 18–20% is standard and expected. Always tip 18–20% at sit-down restaurants, bars, taxis, rideshare, and hair salons. Tip food delivery drivers $3–5 minimum or 15%, and leave $2–5 per night for hotel housekeeping. The reason for the difference is that US service workers earn far below minimum wage (sometimes just $2.13/hour) and rely on tips for their actual income, unlike UK workers who earn at least the national minimum wage. When in doubt in America — tip.
Is 15% still a good tip in 2026?
15% is now considered below average in 2026. While 15% was the standard tip rate a decade ago, tipping norms have gradually increased, and most Americans now tip 18–20% for good service at restaurants, bars, salons, and other personal services. A 15% tip today signals that service was acceptable but not good. If you received genuinely good service, 18–20% is appropriate. For excellent service, 22–25% is generous. Tipping 15% is not rude or offensive, but it is no longer viewed as a strong tip — it is the baseline for mediocre service in most parts of the country.
What is the normal tip for a waiter or waitress?
The normal tip for a waiter or waitress in the US is 18–20% of the total bill for good service. This is calculated on the post-tax total in most cases. If service was poor, 10–12% is acceptable. For excellent service, 22–25% is appropriate. The average gratuity for restaurants across the US falls between 18–20%, which has become the standard tipping baseline. Many Americans round up to the nearest dollar or calculate a flat 20% for simplicity. For large groups (usually 6 or more), restaurants often add an automatic gratuity of 18–20%, which is disclosed on the menu or bill.
Do you tip in cash or on a card in America?
You can tip either in cash or on a card in America, but cash is often better for the worker. Cash tips go directly to the server or delivery driver immediately, ensuring they receive the full amount the same day. Card tips are added to the bill and processed through payroll systems, which may delay payment, pool tips across multiple workers, or subject the tip to processing fees in some cases. That said, most Americans tip on a card for convenience, and it is perfectly acceptable. If you have cash available, leaving it as a tip is always appreciated — especially for hotel housekeeping, where cash tips with a note ensure the right person receives your gratuity.
What is the average tip percentage Americans leave?
The average tip percentage Americans leave is 18–20% according to multiple national surveys conducted in 2024 and 2026. For sit-down restaurants, the average gratuity percent is approximately 19.5%. For food delivery, the average is 15–18%. For hair salons and personal services, the average is 18–20%. For bars, the average is $1–2 per drink or 18% on a tab. These averages have risen steadily over the past decade — in 2015, the average restaurant tip was closer to 16%. Regional variation exists, with diners in major cities like New York, San Francisco, and Chicago tipping slightly higher on average than those in smaller towns.
Is 25% a good tip?
Yes, 25% is an excellent tip and is considered very generous in the US. It is appropriate for truly outstanding service, complex or lengthy services (like a 3-hour hair color appointment), or when you want to show extra appreciation. Tipping 25% at a restaurant signals that the server went above and beyond. For delivery drivers in bad weather, 25% is a thoughtful acknowledgment of the difficult conditions. For tattoo artists or massage therapists who provide highly skilled personal services, 25% is often given to recognize their artistry and effort. While 18–20% is the standard, 25% is always appreciated and never excessive.
How much should you tip at a hotel?
At a hotel, tip housekeeping $2–5 per night in cash, left daily with a note. Tip the bellhop $1–2 per bag. Tip valet parking $2–5 when your car is returned. Tip the concierge $5–10 for restaurant reservations or $15–20 for securing hard-to-get tickets or complex planning. For room service, check if a service charge is already included — if not, tip 15–20% of the total. If a service charge is included, a $1–2 cash tip is a kind gesture but not required. Always tip housekeeping daily rather than leaving one large tip at checkout, since different staff members may clean your room each day.
Why do Americans tip so much compared to other countries?
Americans tip so much because the US has a tipped minimum wage system that allows employers to pay service workers as little as $2.13 per hour, with tips expected to make up the difference to reach at least the federal minimum wage. This system is nearly unique in the world. In most other countries, service workers earn a full minimum wage or higher, making tips a genuine bonus rather than a necessary part of their income. In the US, tips are not optional extra appreciation — they are the primary income for millions of servers, bartenders, delivery drivers, and salon workers. This economic structure is why tipping 18–20% is standard and expected in America, while 10% or no tip at all is common in the UK, Europe, and many other parts of the world.
Do you have to tip at fast food restaurants or coffee shops?
No, you do not have to tip at fast food restaurants or simple coffee shop counters where you order and collect your own food. Tipping is not expected at McDonald’s, Burger King, Chipotle, or similar counter-service chains. At coffee shops like Starbucks, tipping is appreciated but optional — many people drop spare change in the tip jar, but there is no social obligation to tip for a simple drip coffee order. The rise of tablet tip screens at every counter has created confusion, but the traditional rule still applies: if you receive table service, delivery, or personal service, tip 18–20%. If you order at a counter and carry your own food to a table or take it to go, tipping is optional.
Free tip calculators for every service — everycalcpro.com
Tipping does not have to be complicated. We have built four completely free tip calculators to take the guesswork out of every tipping situation in the US:
Main Tip Calculator
The all-purpose tip calculator for any bill amount with a custom percentage selector, bill splitter for groups, complete tip chart, and instant results. Perfect for any service type where you need to calculate a quick tip on the spot.
Use Tip Calculator →Restaurant Tip Calculator
Dedicated to sit-down dining with a 5-star service quality rating that auto-suggests the right tip percentage based on your experience, automatic gratuity alert for large groups, pre-tax/post-tax toggle, and a complete restaurant tip chart covering every scenario.
Use Restaurant Calculator →Hair Salon Tip Calculator
Covers haircuts, color, highlights, blowouts, keratin treatments, and full salon visits. Includes a service-type selector, star rating for service quality, per-stylist tip split for multiple services, and a complete hairdresser tip chart.
Use Salon Calculator →Food Delivery Tip Calculator
Covers DoorDash, Uber Eats, Grubhub, and pizza delivery. Includes situational modifiers for bad weather, large orders, and long-distance deliveries, plus a quick pizza delivery calculator with preset tip amounts.
Use Delivery Calculator →All calculators are 100% free, instant, and work on any device with no signup or download required.
This is the most comprehensive US tipping guide available — covering 23 service types, every major tipping situation from restaurants to rideshare to hotels, honest discussion of tip fatigue, and dedicated guidance for UK and international visitors navigating American tipping culture for the first time. Tipping in America has its complexities, inconsistencies, and occasional frustrations — but knowing the norms makes every tipping moment effortless.
Bookmark this page as your go-to tipping reference for every service in the United States. Use the free tip calculators throughout this guide and on our site to calculate the exact tip amount instantly for restaurants, delivery, salons, and more. Tip fairly, tip generously when it counts, and use our free calculators to take the guesswork out of every service — from your next restaurant dinner to your next DoorDash delivery.